The Inevitability of Globalization Research Paper

Jessica Victim or Villian

Inside the substance of this exposition I will examine around two fundamental characters in this novel. Jessica and Shylock. Jessica being the little girl of Shylock with both after the Jewish religion. Anyway Jessica enthusiastically experiences passionate feelings for a Christian man Lorenzo, she is resolved and excited to be with this man. To such a degree, that she would leave her religion and her dad to turn into a Christian and follow her wants. Your likely be needing to discover more about these characters very much let me quickly disclose with respect to both of Shylock and Jessica’s characters. Right off the bat Jessica, she has an eager and stubborn character and like I recently referenced she is resolved so on the off chance that she needs something she will endeavor until she picks up what she needs. You can likewise see Jessica to be a modest unsure character who cares about others' opinion of her. Shylock from what we have accumulated from the book so far is a voracious, self-fixated man who minds a lot about his cash and acquires than the things which matter more. The things which more consideration ought to be paid to. In Shakespeare’s book and this specific one (The vendor of Venice) you will see that there are various methods of deciphering things various segments which can mean various things. In this assessment I will do that. I will be similarly assessing Jessica’s character and I will be deciphering the book in 2 unique manners a casualty and a miscreant. Furthermore, it will be dependent upon you to choose how you see it. The primary way which the crowd can decipher Jessica’s character is as a casualty. This is appeared in the book from various perspectives some of which are; the point at which it is said by Jessica ‘I might be a little girl to his blood, however I am not identified with his lifestyles’. This statement shows how Jessica is indicating how she is absolutely unmistakable to her dad and in spite of the fact that she is his little girl this doesn't imply that the two of them hold similar characteristics and qualities. Jessica wouldn't like to be identified with his ways of life as the statement makes reference to. This could be on the grounds that she despises the manner in which he treats others and the manner in which he is pernicious and malicious towards others. In any case, the crowd would most likely think he’s just underhandedness to them in light of the manner in which he is treated by others. Truly I would concur however it isn't just others he treats seriously, it is additionally his little girl. Moreover all through the sum we have perused so far there has been various occasions when Shylock has criticized his little girl and he has said ‘I would my girl be dead at my foot’. This is the statement that stood apart to me on the grounds that no dad could ever wish or state that they would need their girl dead at their foot. That plainly demonstrates how much love Shylock has for Jessica. (Not a great deal). What's more, when you feel this is something Jessica’s father has said behind his little girls back I fear to think what has been said up close and personal between them. So his conceited character makes Jessica the person in question, oneself - focused man who thinks such a great amount about his riches and silver overlooks the reality his little girl has proceeded to surrender him. In Act 3 Scene 3 when Shylock first finds that his girl has left with his riches his first affirmation in truth the principal sentence he says is ‘Oh,oh,oh! One of the taken precious stones cost me 2,000 ducats in Frankfurt! This is the thing that sort of man I have been clarifying in the over two sections one that is having a major craze over his riches and pretty much all the taken jewels and its high worth. This summarizes his cold childish character. Additionally the pressure of his voice in this can be envisioned. There are two shout checks so you can envision him talking in an exceptio nally serious estranged fearsome voice with terminating rage and simultaneously amazed that his little girl has taken his assets. In addition a similar translation of Jessica being appeared as a casualty. Anyway this time I won't allude the way Jessica has been ineffectively treated by Shylock I will allude an alternate point that being; that the cash the gems everything which her dad have would be acquired to his girl after his passing. So actually all which Jessica stole is all that is hers. So I don’t comprehend why Shylock was as enraged. As he knew it would be hers sometime yet it was simply sooner then he had anticipated. What's more, in view of this explanation I feel that it was faulty to state the thing he said about Jessica when she was qualified for what she has taken. What's more, now in the story we don’t know whether the gems had been taken. It could be seen that she had obtained from her to then return however we don’t know! So in light of the fact that the crowd don't have a clue and Shylock didn't realize I felt that it was extremely one-sided for us to Judge Jessica on that like Shylock did. Presently I am proceeding onward to the subsequent understanding, which is with respect to Jessica to be the miscreant which is another way which the crowd can see Jessica to be. Jessica can be depicted as a selfish, impolite character particularly towards her dad as she fled with his cash and Jewels which he endeavored to pick up. It was at that point hard enough for Shylock being a Jew and not having the option to accomplish cash as openly as others and Jessica completely dismissed this factor and went off with his cash. What's more, yes Shylock may have had his flaws however let’s be straightforward Jessica was very backstabbing breaking her father’s trust in the most noticeably terrible conceivable way. In the novel Shylock says ‘Listen to me Jessica lock my entryways up’ here Shylock unmistakably states to bolt the entryways and not to open them again she broke this trust and just as making the ways for connect with a Christian she at that point proceeded to take all his cash. This was a complete double-crossing of trust, and considering all she had done her dad was very sensible. Notwithstanding show Jessica’s insidious lowlife like character. I might want to call attention to how I feel Jessica overlooked the reality the Shylock was bringing her up all alone without a mother without any other individual he was bringing her up all alone. He dress her took care of her protected her gave her all that she potentially required and for what? For Jessica to change religion, take flee with a Christian man. Additionally she was extremely oblivious in regards to the comprehension of how the Christians despised him in light of their partiality towards his religion. They spat on him, kicked him, considered him a pooch. Furthermore, paying little heed to this rude treatment she left her dad to be disrespected all alone with no other protector close by. This was egocentric of her and she ought to be extremely embarrassed about what she has done to her dad. After he has accomplished such a great deal for her alone. Taking everything into account, I might want to address what I feel about Jessica’s character. I feel that Jessica was a miscreant she was absolutely deceptive to her dad. She was blinded from the real world and to see that he had been severely treated. In the event that it is that she did see and chose not to do anything then she was by and large absolutely childish and wanton. Yet, that is my assessment various individuals have various sentiments. Also the crowd could see Jessica to be either a miscreant or a casualty. There are similarly the same number of focuses for each indicating she is and isn't a reprobate. So it is thoroughly dependent upon the peruser to choose whether Shylocks covetous character made Jessica the person in question, or if Jessica’s disloyalty to her dad made her a scalawag. It’s up to you to choose, yet you may find that as you hear into the novel these thoughts may change.

Case Study Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital Case Study

Case Study Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital Case Study Case Study: Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital â€" Case Study Example > The patient is not too sick to transfer, however the patient will require to be transported to the tertiary level hospital to receive the definitive management. In order to transport the patient, there will be need to provide the prehospital care to the patient which will be aimed at increasing chances of the patients survival before reaching the tertiary hospital for better management. The patient will be able to benefit from the prehospital management before he is transported to the hospital for the definitive management of myocardial ischaemia. The prehospital management of the patients condition(myocardial infarction) will be based on immediate offering of medical intervention since the loss of muscle cells starts to become irreversible in two hours after the infarction has occurred (Whitbread 2002,1967). The management will be aimed at the relieving of pain and the prevention of the occurrence of cardiac arrest. Early care of the patient will be much centered on the provision of reperfusion therapy to limit the infarct size and to prevent the extension as well as the expansion and treating of the immediate complications which include pump failure, shock and arrhythmias which are life threatening. The prevention of further infarction is also of importance and the reduction of the occlusion of the coronary artery on the myocardium. The initial diagnosis of myocardial infarction will be based on the chest pains, progressive dyspnea as well as the activation of the parasympathetic system which is characterized by the presence of hypotension (Bettencourt 2005, p. 874). Prehospital management of on the ground before the transportation of the patient will involve the relieving of pain. This will be done not only for humane reasons but because the pain will be associated with the sympathetic activation which will bring about the vasoconstriction which will eventually result in the increase of the amount of work of the heart. The pain will therefore be managed by the use of intravenous morphine. If the opioids fail to relive the pain, repeated doses will then be necessary or then the intravenous beta blockers or the nitrates will also be effective in the management of pain. Intramuscular injections should be avoided since their absorption will be unreliable and the site of injection might bleed when the patient will be offered the thrombolytic therapy. The antiemetics will be given concurrently with the Opioids. Opioids could induce respiratory depression, hypostatic hypotension and bradycardia or tachycardia and muscle spasm which might have the negative effects to the patient since they will aggravate the condition. Other risks of using the opioids would be the setting in of urinary incontinence (Bettencourt 2005, p. 874). Thrombolytic treatment is the cornerstone in the management of myocardial infarction. The aim of the therapy will be to complete and maintain the patency f the infacrted as well as the related arteries. The reperfu sion therapy will also go ahead to prevent the reduction of cardiac function as a result of the myocardium undergoing irreversible necrosis due to complete occlusion of the blood vessels. The management should begin immediately for this condition since the resultant ischemia will only be reversible within 3 to 6 hours. The choices of reperfusion therapies will range from the use of the percuteneuos transluminal coronary angioplasty, thrombolysis and coronary bypass graft surgery. The choice of the procedure to be used will be based on the patient’s condition, the location and the extent of the ischemic process. Coronary angioplasty in the first is divided into two, primary angioplasty and angioplasty which is combined with thrombolytic therapy. There will also be need to provide ventilation to the patient due to the saturation levels of oxygen in the blood being low. This should also be done because the patient is breathless and is having the features of heart failure or shock. T his will be aimed at addressing the need for perfusion of the various organs to prevent ischemia which would lead to necrosis on persisting. Thrombolytic therapy could lead to the patient developing hemorrhagic shock due to increased bleeding internally and this might affect the perfusion of various body organs and could result in end organ damage (McVaney 2005, p. 282).

Analysis Of Fahrenheit 451 Satire Of Censorship - 982 Words

Analyzing Themes in Fahrenheit 451: Satire of Censorship Institution/ University Name Instructor Course Date Analyzing Themes in Fahrenheit 451: Satire of Censorship Fahrenheit 451 is a novel that has widely used satire of censorship to depict the situation in the real world whereby human beings use censorship to hide whatever they find not pleasant to expose to the masses. Due to the idea of hiding some issues from the masses, much important information and the truth is hidden from the society. This paper will discuss how people use censorship to omit to expose all the information that dissatisfy them. The thesis statement is that, in the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury has highlighted different issues, but the most controversial issue is the oppressing social media about entertainment, technology, minds and culture that uses censorship to leave the citizens into the allegory of the cave. The media in Bradbury’s novel is one characterized by much control. In Bradbury’s world, books were burned, and the public had access to very little information. The government was able to mask what they felt would dissatisfy them. Therefore, it means that history has been turned to be whatever the media wants it to be. Free media is given the same liberties with the American government thus enabling the American government to manipulate history and information. To be precise, the media of nowadays censor anything they feel like and is in line with the media of Bradbury’s world andShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 By George Orwell1931 Words   |  8 Pages1950s, when society as a whole was threatened by the ideals of communism, censorship, and new invasive technology, authors were exploring a future when these specific fears came to pass. Related themes involving citizens losing certain freedoms were implemented into these novels which generated connections between these stories. In his novel, Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes a distant world in which the idea of censorship was exaggerated to such an extent that it was illegal for any literature

A Brief Note On The Race Bias Theory - 1280 Words

Psychology assessment 2 due Friday 6th February 2015 Ahmed Ali 14033164 Abstract Own race bias is the temperament to distinguish and individualise between the face of our own race more easily than faces of another race. The present study examined weather or not own race bias exists within our communities. The standard deviation (SD) for the number of black faces recalled for group 2 is 1.82574 and the SD of faces recalled from group 4 is 1.94936. The SD of white faces recalled for group 1 is 1.09545 and the SD number of faces recalled for group 3 is 1.30384 these results show own race bias was indeed present amongst these 20 youths. Introduction The own race bias theory is the temperament to distinguish and individualize between the face of one’s race more easily than faces of another race. This theory can explain why you may hear people saying another ethnic or racial group â€Å"all look alike†. 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Typical 360-Degree Feedback System Free Essays

360 – Degree Feedback This usually means an individual being rated by peers, supervisors and sometimes clients, as well as doing self-assessment. All indications are that 360-degree appraisal in one form or another is probable to be used more extensively – it is not some provisional fad. An example of a Traditional Feedback versus a 360 – Degree Feedback, you can see below. We will write a custom essay sample on Typical 360-Degree Feedback System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basically you can see at the Traditional Feedback, there is only one direction Feedback, from Supervisor to Employee. On the other hand, there are a variety of canals of Feedback to employees. Typical 360-Degree feedback System The 360-Degree feedback system works with the following two ways: †¢The Questionnaire: This basically shows a series of statements about the â€Å"target† manager’s performance and efficiency, and frequently is linked to the key competencies described in an organisation. For example, if there are eight competencies thought to be pertinent to the organization, there might be somewhat like five to eight questions asked in relation to each of them. More or less there would be sixty questions. Some organizations mix all questions together; some group them under related capability direction. †¢The Raters: The focal manager (meaning the person on whom the feedback is being given), completes a self-rating while being rated by others. Many companies allow the individuals to decide who contributes to the rating procedure, according to who is in the best place to remark on their performance. Most often the number of raters scope between: three to twenty, depending on conditions. The Feedback process There are three major elements to this process: †¢First is the individual who collects the feedback †¢Second is the feedback report and how the data are represented within in it †¢Third is the supervisor in which this information is conveyed the focal manager The whole rating forms usually go either to a designed basis in HR or to an external expert; less often, they go to a senior manager. Whoever collects the data has the task to gather them in a form that will help the receiver. He/She has to combine the ratings and present an average â€Å"score†, on each competency, broken down by rating group (peers,etc), perhaps place the self-rating together with it. Provided that the numbers in each group are adequate, this preserves secrecy for the respondents. How to cite Typical 360-Degree Feedback System, Papers

Proper Waste Disposal Essay Example

Proper Waste Disposal Paper Very special thanks to my fellow classmates who have been readers to my research paper and who have pointed Out my mistakes. Would like to thank them for exchanging ideas with me and for helping me deal with the arduous publishing process of paper. I doubt that I wont be able to express my appreciation to them fully, but I owe them all my gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge my friends for being the ones who have motivated me to develop focus, as well as self confidence. Without their support and understanding, I would not have accomplished this research paper. Lastly, I must acknowledge my beloved teacher, Ms. Nancy Ramose, for being the greatest help would ever need in this research. Without her skills and assistance in writing this, wont be able to finish this research. And without her, this research wouldnt have been made possible. Abstract Improper ways of disposing are common nowadays. Therefore, researches about proper waste disposal and waste management are of great interest. This study shows how the collection, transport, processing, recycling, and monitoring of waste materials can be as important as can be. Its immediate objective is to inform the readers, the community, and the society about how properly disposing our waste materials can change lives. To come up with a research output, some books were used as a good source of materials and some people who worked for the governments waste management had been interviewed. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, observation of wastes all around Metro Manila had been done for a good source of evidence of whether or not people dispose their wastes properly. As a result, the knowledge of waste disposal will be imparted not just to any special figure or anyone who works for the government management, but also to any citizen, may it be a student or a teacher, or a parent or a child, just like you. L, therefore, conclude that it is important and beneficial for everyone to know how to dispose their wastes properly contribute to the improvement of our Mother Nature. Hopefully, this may be of good use to better understand how our wastes affect our atmosphere greatly. Introduction In the early pre-industrial times, wastes compose of ashes from fires, bones, bodies, and vegetable wastes. They are disposed underground( serve as compost and contribute to the soils improvement. But only amounts of ash, broken tools, and pottery were excavated by the archeological digs. Everything was repaired and reused and population smaller before. The change from nomadic hunter-gatherer to farmer that wastes could no longer be left behind. Because waste could no LLC left behind, it had become a big issue. Reusing and recycling became everyday routine since the industrial revolution, wherein materials be more available than labor. There was a reuse system of bronze scrap operation 4000 years ago in Europe where they discovered that com started in China. Reusing and recycling is widely recognized in the for salvage, the usual tradition until the Rag-and-Bone men. Conventional salvaged materials included leather, feathers, and textiles. Feeding eve wastes to farm animals is also considered as a form of recycling, and as using green wastes as fertilizers. Soon after, some activities for improvements Were done such as the melting down and re-casting of the salvaging of timber, etc. But as the populations in cities had incur space for disposal had decreased. And because of that, societies had developed waste disposal systems. Proper waste disposal reduces HTH of waste into the atmosphere by observing the proper methods of dif Because improper disposal of our wastes imposes cost on others, WA disposal has been a big political issue. Dirty disposal methods such a: dumping are big problems nowadays. Though the easiest among any method, it creates health risks for the public. Waste disposal was not observed and monitored properly; therefore, everyone must comply methods used in order to achieve environmental advantages. Achieve awareness in proper waste disposal is important to lessen the waste dispose improperly. Proper Waste Disposal Essay Example Proper Waste Disposal Paper Review of related literature While elements of disaster preparedness have long been a social adjustment to environmental hazards, both the art and science of disaster preparedness are relatively new courses of study in business, non-profit, government, and academic sectors (Fox, 2006). As with any new course of study, the beginnings of established practice will have inherent weaknesses and areas for improvement. To date, a multitude of issues that should be addressed by stakeholders have been introduced. Some of the issues pertain to 1 1 problems created by the theoretical aspects of disaster preparedness, while there relate to the practice and application. Some of these issues have been resolved, while others have been neglected or ignored. John Twig of Benefited Gregg Hazard Research Centre, University College London, presented eighteen disciplinary and institutional groups involved in disaster reduction during his presentation at the International Conference on Climate Change and Disaster Preparedness (2002). Each of these eighteen groups represents broad stakeholder classifications and can be further divided by disciplinary and institutional boundaries (Twig 2002). The many factions of independent researchers and stakeholders can complicate advancements where collaboration is an essential aspect. Cooperation and collaboration tends to lag when groups vie over limited available funding and strive to become the premier group of its respective area. Each discipline and organization involved takes its own approach to disaster preparedness, tailoring its metrics, data, works, and products to its specific needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, however, there is a lack of uniformity of data, which further decreases the potential for cooperation among the stakeholders. The lack of cross-compatibility also affects the consistency of the language, as functions are aligned with organizational needs (Circumscribe, 2002). Definitions are created that take on additional characteristics to make them more appealing to social, business, academic, or other groups. The variance in taxonomies makes it difficult to extract a particular topic, such as disaster preparedness, from the existing literature. Many authors use such terminology as disaster preparedness, hazard mitigation, and disaster reduction interchangeably where each term could be perceived as distinctive. Other 12 authors provide definitions that may suffice for one field, but would be monumentally inadequate in another. Examining the existing definitions of disaster preparedness demonstrates this point. The literature does not provide a definition Of disaster preparedness the way that a dictionary might. Instead, the literature states what disaster preparedness entails from the perspective of the authors. If taken literally, disaster preparedness would mean being satisfactorily prepared for a catastrophic event. However, a sufficient definition of disaster preparedness would also need to include ways in which persons and organizations can be satisfactorily prepared for such a circumstance. It is in this way that definitions of disaster preparedness can be extracted from the literature. Several authors touch on potential definitions of disaster preparedness. Many of the definitions contain a piece of the meaning, without stating precisely what disaster preparedness should contain wholly. Christofis, Mitchell, and Licensed emphasize the importance of including efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of disaster response as a central goal of disaster preparedness (2001 The development of local response, such as early warning systems, is also a central part of assister preparedness (Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2005). McIntyre, Twig, and the United Nations Development Programmer all have definitions with similar attributes, but add their own spin on disaster preparedness. The United Nations Development Programmer views hazard mitigation as a core resource of disaster preparedness, but also includes planning in its descriptions (2004). McIntyre and Twig also view hazard mitigation as critical to disaster preparedness, stating that it should either coincide with disaster preparedness or be a part of it (McIntyre, 2003 and 13 Twig, 2002). McIntyre continues by addresses other factors that may define disaster preparedness: it is a function of local government and it includes hazard and vulnerability assessments. Other elements of disaster preparedness are less emphasized in the literature, but equally as important. Caddish and Hussein stress education as one of the best media to prepare a community for disasters (2005). Individual levels of disaster preparedness are also discussed. This level includes preparing households through such means as emergency plans, securing heavy furniture to walls, and storing DOD, and through building inventories of stored food and equipment (Paton, Smith, Johnston, 2003 and Assemblies, 2001 ). When examining the examples of what disaster preparedness entails according to the above authors and organizations, it becomes evident that the definition of disaster preparedness is loose and evolving. Disaster preparedness involves preparedness on personal, community, and national levels; it includes elements of both a private and public nature; and it is intertwined with hazard mitigation and vulnerability and requires each to be accurately assessed. The inextricably of the terminology, as well as the lack of a common vocabulary among professions, is another Of the great challenges facing policy makers. Several attempts have been made at creating universal definitions for the various terms of hazard research, but the lack of cooperation in and among the varying fields has thwarted these attempts. In addition, the general acceptance of using the terms interchangeably has discouraged further efforts to separate the terms different meanings. The terminology of hazards research remains confusing and vague. Without agreement on the definitions, 14 assister preparedness study and experimentation will remain relatively unproductive (Gillespie Street, 1987). The development of an emergency management planning model of wide applicability is another issue that should be addressed by the disaster preparedness community. The premier models of emergency planning began from military models of command and control designed to handle enemy attacks and other non-civilian emergencies (Dynes, 1994). More recently, empirical and pragmatic models of emergency planning for civilian emergencies have been developed, but none of them have been accepted wholesale by the disaster preparedness immunity. Emergency planning paradigms for disaster resistant communities, disaster resilient communities, sustainable development, and sustainable hazard mitigation have provided stepping stones for a comprehensive emergency management plan (McIntyre, Fuller, Johnston, Weber, 2002). The preceding brings to light some of the pressing problems with the theoretical development of disaster preparedness and disaster preparedness community synthesis. The aforementioned issues are not an exhaustive list of issues in the development of disaster preparedness theory, but do highlight securing themes in the literature. The following set of issues emphasize the problems associated with disaster preparedness policy and practice. Rapid arbitration is the center of several pressing issues in the practice of disaster preparedness. Several sources have noted the decennial increases in city populations, not only in the United States, but globally. One needs only observe the mega-city phenomenon of the last century to understand current population trends. City 15 growth is consistently on the rise in both developed and developing countries, and often in risk prone locations. The world is quickly becoming more urban (Boil, overlooks, palm, 1997). Urban areas are attractive because they offer their inhabitants many benefits not available in non-urban areas: accessible medical facilities, markets, public transportation, various types of employment, and a variety of people and experiences. These benefits draw people to cities, creating greater urban densities, and inadvertently making them more hazardous places to live. The sheer population, masses of infrastructure, and material assets of an urban area provide increasing opportunities for common natural events to eave disastrous consequences (Munich Re Group, 2004). Urban areas place a large number of people, infrastructure, and capital enterprises into a small geographic area, increasing the potential for an ordinary natural event to become one that is exceedingly large and costly. In addition to hosting large populations, complex infrastructure, and large capital enterprises, urban areas are generally the regional centers of politics, economics, and technology. As financial leaders, urban areas often develop complex market relationships with other urban areas around the world. Thus, if an urban area is affected by a disaster, adjacent urban areas also suffer. The complex relationships between urban centers and its partners can cost billions of dollars in lost business, damaged products, delayed transactions, and missed work hours, in addition to the direct damages to people and infrastructure. Therefore, when urban areas are adversely affected by natural disasters, there are internal and external costs that can have global consequences. Another problem is that the plight of urban areas is so noticeable and affects so many people that it draws attention from smaller, non-urban populations. The majority of 16 he time and effort in disaster preparedness is focused on solving preparedness issues for urban areas, leaving those who choose to remain in non-urban areas more vulnerable. Non-urban areas, although smaller in size, population, and infrastructure, lack the resiliency to recover when a disaster strikes. The lack of available assets, resources, and capital can make it very difficult for a non-urban area to recover from even isolated natural events. While urban areas present many problems for the disaster preparedness community, there are other issues that should be addressed. An additional policy and practice issue is identifying and protecting vulnerable populations. Corgis and Emerson define vulnerability as A condition wherein human settlements or buildings are threatened by virtue of their proximity to a hazard, the quality of their construction, or both. Degree of loss (from O percent to 1 00 percent) resulting from a potential damaging phenomenon. The ability to correctly identify vulnerable population locations, characteristics, and special needs is a central issue in disaster preparedness. A discussion of vulnerable populations is difficult because, to some degree, all populations are vulnerable. However, there are certain factors that can be identified as playing a critical role in creating vulnerable populations. The following will examine what we know about vulnerable populations and what we can do to improve preparedness for vulnerable populations. Each individual within a population is made vulnerable by a variety of personal factors, some of which cannot be controlled and some of which may be controlled. There are several factors that contribute to vulnerability that cannot be controlled. For example, the age of an individual is an uncontrollable potential vulnerability. Those persons that are young and elderly have a higher vulnerability than those who are middle-aged adults 17 (the phrase middle-aged adults suggests those people that are neither young nor elderly, but are in-between such life stages). Young and old people may not be as mentally capable of processing information as middle-aged adults, as strong as middle-aged adults, and may be completely or partially dependent on middle-aged adults to care for them. Mentally or physically handicapped persons are more vulnerable than persons in good mental and physical health. The mentally and physically handicapped have special acquirement and needs that may require another person to help them when those requirements and needs are not accessible. In addition to those uncontrollable personal vulnerability factors, there are factors that may be controllable that can make an individual vulnerable. For example, a lack of preparation for disasters can make a person more vulnerable than those that have prepared. Saving cash, storing clean water, creating food and tool caches, and developing emergency plans on an individual level all contribute to reducing a persons vulnerability to disaster. Furthering education as much as possible also reduces a persons limitability. The more highly educated a person is, the less vulnerable they become. Improving physical fitness is also an excellent way to reduce a persons vulnerability. In most instances, a person has some degree Of control over these issues, although they can be restricted. This is why these vulnerability factors may be controllable for some, but not for others. Identifying other factors that contribute to vulnerable populations requires examining socio-economic status, location, and social structure. Perhaps the most condemning vulnerability causing factor is socio-economic status. This can be viewed in one of two ways; as a characteristic of a population or as 18 characteristic of a nation. Socio-economic status as a characteristic of a population creates vulnerability in the poor faction of the population. Vulnerability in poor populations manifests in several ways. First, poor populations do not have the financial support that the wealthy do, making it more difficult for them to prepare for, endure, and recover from disaster. Access to assets and entitlements in a pre and post disaster situation are critical to preparation for the disaster, protecting self and property, and in covering from disaster. The availability of cash and savings, as well as access to entitlements such as insurance, stocks, and bonds, is often reserved for those who can afford them. Poor populations are often excluded from assets and entitlements because they lack the capacity to gain them. Therefore, the losses incurred as a result of a disaster can be absolute losses for poor populations. Second, poor populations often locate in unsafe areas. Some poor populations locate on ancestral grounds that are prone to a particular disaster, but refuse to move because of the connection to their heritage. Other poor populations locate in or on floodplains, riverbanks, Steep slopes, reclaimed land, and highly populated settlements of flimsy shanty towns (Corgis Emerson). In some cases, such as locating on ancestral lands, the population chooses to live in a more vulnerable area. In other cases, the poor locate where they do because they are claiming the cheaper lands that the more wealthy population has discarded. And still in other cases, the poor are forced to live in a particular area by inability to afford to move or by force. Whether by choice, lack of choice, or by force, poor populations typically live n areas that are more prone to disaster. The lands that are readily available to them are the lands that belong to them by 19 ancestral rite and the lands that people with a choice have not chosen; these are the lands that flood, easily erode, are toxic, are dangerous to live on, etc. Third, poor populations lack the resources to construct safe buildings and living structures. Many poor peoples homes are made out of such flimsy materials as mud, sticks, cardboard, plastic (or variant of plastic) paneling thin sheet metal, and paper. Such materials lack the quality necessary to withstand disasters and to protect the people within them. Socio-economic status as a characteristic of a nation creates further population vulnerabilities. The economic inequality between industrialized and developing countries has proven to be one method of demonstrating the effects of poverty on disaster impact. In fact, According to a statement by the relief organization Tearful, ninety-eight percent of those killed and affected by natural disasters come from developing countries, underlining the link between poverty and vulnerability (Corgis Emerson). A few problems in developing countries cause vulnerability to develop. First, over half the population in many developing countries is under the age of eighteen years old (Caddish Hussein, 2005). The lack of experience of such youthful populations, as well as adult dependence in some cases, makes these populations more vulnerable to disasters. Second, the fragile infrastructure of developing countries and the inability to support disaster preparedness projects financially also takes a toll on developing nations. Even disasters of a low magnitude can have extreme effects on ill prepared countries (Corgis Emerson). Lastly, developing countries contain a disproportionate number of concentrically challenged populations. All of the problems associated with these 20 populations, as previously discussed, further hinder the capacity of developing countries to reduce vulnerability. Another factor that contributes to vulnerability is location. By virtue of the proximity to certain known hazards, some countries are made more vulnerable than others. The physical layout of a settlement or country is a very important factor in determining its vulnerability. For example, countries located along the ocean are more prone to hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, and costal flooding than inland countries. Developments created along rivers area more vulnerable to floods and erosion. Places along the Ring of Fire can expect earthquakes to happen more frequently. Countries in the extreme north and extreme south are likely to have severe winter storms and heavy ice. By choosing to develop in areas with poor physical surroundings, populations can be made more vulnerable to hazards. Location also has an impact on vulnerability when applied to urban areas. Urban areas present a large part of the vulnerability stemming from location. Boll, Overlooks, and Palm examine nine points that make urban areas more alienable to disasters: hazardous exposure of the location, economic and political relevance, physical vulnerability, urban management capacity, dependence on infrastructure, density of the population, poverty, informal settlements, and ecological imbalance (1997). Each of these nine points is examined in-depth in their article Vulnerability Reduction for Sustainable Urban Development. The purpose of presenting these nine points is to emphasize that urban areas create vulnerability in a variety of ways; environment, development, and colonization all impact the vulnerability associated with urban areas. 1 Social structure also contributes to population vulnerability. The structure of a society can heavily influence vulnerable populations, either unintentionally or systematically. In one instance, reasonable thinking assumes that time and money will be well spent on identifying the disaster preparedness needs of the most people possible. Therefore, the majority population receives the most attention by the policy community and practitioners of disaster preparedness. However, this leads to inadequacies in protecting the minority populations, which usually need the most help. This diversion of resources awards the majority has unintentionally created a greater vulnerability in the minorities. In disaster planning, one often finds that those populations with the least social, political, and economic influence are the populations in the most danger when disasters occur (Wisher, Blaine, Cannon, Davis, 2003). In other cases, small factions of a population may be the population with the most political influence, economic power, or the population with the greatest social networks. In such circumstances, valuable disaster preparedness resources may be diverted away from the majority population and towards the more rueful few. In this way, the social structure has systematically excluded a population, enhancing their vulnerability. The preceding are two ways that vulnerable populations are created by the social system that surrounds them. Time, resources, and money are all used to reduce vulnerability to disasters. However, it is often the social system that dictates where time, resources, and money should be utilized. Therefore, a social system that is exclusive and constructed poorly may be more apt to create population vulnerability than a social system that is inclusive and well- constructed. The last major issue that should be highlighted as a policy and practice issue is convincing those with policy-making capabilities of the benefits of disaster preparedness. This has proven to be an exhausting task for the disaster preparedness community. Many reasons underlie this difficulty, some of which relate to internal disaster preparedness community problems already addressed. However, the primary difficulty in convincing policymakers that disaster preparedness works is that, like hazard mitigation, one is attempting to measure the absence of an event. In order to convince policymakers that disaster preparedness works, it would acclimate the process if one could show just how it has worked. Yet, if disaster preparedness has worked, nothing noteworthy should have happened. Proving the absence of an event is often difficult because the factual basis for the absence of an event requires years of observation. Estimates of saved lives, saved properties, and saved monies have been produced, but none can be guaranteed as necessary to convince policymakers of the immediacy of action. The disaster preparedness community can demonstrate the success of drills and provide written plans, but none will accurately demonstrate the emulative effectiveness of these measures. Convincing the policy makers to act on recommendations from the disaster preparedness community is crucial to the success of disaster preparedness. Disaster preparedness is a multi-disciplinary activity, but the most implementation takes place at the local governmental unit. Disaster preparedness occurs on both a horizontal and vertical plane (Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, 2005). Horizontally, it requires the cooperation and integration of public services, healthcare centers, emergency management, academic, and public, not-for-profit, and private enterprises. Vertically, it 23 requires the cooperation of all levels of organizations and all levels of government (Institute, 2005). The permanence of government in the disaster preparedness equation means that the disaster preparedness community needs the policy-making community in order to be effective. Therefore, it is critical for actors in the disaster preparedness community to unite and collaborate to adequately measure disaster preparedness. Once consensus is reached on the measurement, then the findings can be presented to policymakers, who can in turn move it toward an enforceable directive. Thus far, the underlying theories and best practices have been addressed, the metrics available to disaster preparedness practitioners have been discussed, and a discussion of the issues from different aspects of disaster preparedness has been developed. Each of the preceding sections served to form a picture of the current state of disaster preparedness from which stakeholders can move forward.